Mutual effect of vibrational relaxation and chemical reactions in viscous multitemperature flows.

We study coupling of vibrational relaxation and chemical reactions in nonequilibrium viscous multitemperature flows. A general theoretical model is proposed on the basis of the Chapman-Enskog method modified for strongly nonequilibrium reacting flows; the model differs from models commonly used in computational fluid dynamics since it is able to capture additional cross-coupling terms arising in viscous flow due to compressibility and mutual influence of all nonequilibrium processes occurring in a mixture. The set of fluid dynamic equations is derived starting from the Boltzmann equation; the relaxation terms in these equations are described using the kinetic transport theory formalism. Reaction and relaxation rates depend on the distribution function and thus differ in the zero-order and first-order approximations of the Chapman-Enskog method. An algorithm for the calculation of multitemperature reaction and relaxation rates in both inviscid and viscous flows is proposed for the harmonic oscillator model. This algorithm is applied to estimate the mutual effect of vibrational relaxation and dissociation in binary mixtures of N(2) and N, and O(2) and O, under various nonequilibrium conditions. It is shown that modification of the Landau-Teller expression for the VT relaxation term works rather well in nitrogen, whereas it fails to predict correctly the relaxation rate in oxygen at high temperatures. In oxygen (in contrast to nitrogen), the first-order cross effects of dissociation and VT relaxation are found to be significant. A method for calculation of vibrational relaxation time based on the kinetic theory definition is suggested. Two-temperature dissociation rate coefficients are calculated in the zero- and first-order approximations and compared to other models.

Eucken correction in high-temperature gases with electronic excitation.

In the present paper, thermal conductivity coefficient of high-temperature molecular and atomic gases with excited electronic states is studied using both the kinetic theory algorithm developed by authors earlier and the well known simple expression for the thermal conductivity coefficient proposed by Eucken and generalized by Hirschfelder. The influence of large collision diameters of excited states on the thermal conductivity is discussed. The limit of validity of the Eucken correction is evaluated on the basis of the kinetic theory calculations; an improved model suitable for air species under high-temperature conditions is proposed.

Transport coefficients in nonequilibrium gas-mixture flows with electronic excitation.

In the present paper, a one-temperature model of transport properties in chemically nonequilibrium neutral gas-mixture flows with electronic excitation is developed. The closed set of governing equations for the macroscopic parameters taking into account electronic degrees of freedom of both molecules and atoms is derived using the generalized Chapman-Enskog method. The transport algorithms for the calculation of the thermal-conductivity, diffusion, and viscosity coefficients are proposed. The developed theoretical model is applied for the calculation of the transport coefficients in the electronically excited N/N(2) mixture. The specific heats and transport coefficients are calculated in the temperature range 50-50,000 K. Two sets of data for the collision integrals are applied for the calculations. An important contribution of the excited electronic states to the heat transfer is shown. The Prandtl number of atomic species is found to be substantially nonconstant.

Nonequilibrium kinetics of a radiative CO flow behind a shock wave.

An investigation is presented of a highly nonequilibrium CO flow with consistently coupled vibrational energy exchanges, chemical reactions, and radiation. A detailed state-to-state model taking into account vibration-vibration, vibration-translation, and vibration-electronic transitions, dissociation-recombination reactions, and radiative transitions between vibrational and electronic states is developed on the basis of kinetic theory methods. A closed set of master equations for vibration-electronic level populations, number densities of atomic species, radiation intensity, temperature, and velocity is derived, and a one-dimensional inviscid carbon monoxide flow behind a plane shock wave is studied numerically. Several models of vibrational transition and dissociation rates in high temperature carbon monoxide are tested, and a model satisfying both accuracy and feasibility requirements is recommended. The role of various energy transfers and chemical reactions in the formation of nonequilibrium vibrational distributions in a shock heated CO flow is studied, and the influence of state-to-state distributions on macroscopic flow parameters and radiation intensity is discussed.

[Comparative hygienic evaluation of nonionogenic surface-active agents with regard to stability and transformation]. / Sravnitel'naia gigienicheskaia otsenka neionogennykh poverkhnostno-aktivnykh veshchestv s uchetom stabil'nosti i transformatsii.

The stability of the surfactants penazoline 10-16 B, neonol AF9-CN, and perfluorodecyl alcohol on boiling, exposure to ozone, ultraviolet and electromagnetic irradiation, biota in the model water reservoir, active sludge in the model air tank was evaluated. The transformation products forming under the influence of different damaging factors were assessed. The comparative hazard of parent compounds and their transformation products on biological test objects was studied.

[The hygienic evaluation of a local unit for sewage treatment]. / Gigienicheskaia otsenka lokal'noi ustanovki dlia ochistki stochnykh vod.

A complex of hygienic criteria was proposed to assess a Bioclere local unit for sewage treatment. These included: the effects of the organoleptic properties of sewage, better sanitary and chemical parameters, lower levels of inorganic and organic chemicals, surfactants, microbiological parameters, stability of treatment regimens. The Bioclere unit has some advantages over the similar ones and may be useful when an object cannot be connected to the sewage network.

[An experimental validation of the MPEL for the Zharilek mixture and its component constituents]. / Eksperimental'noe obosnovanie PDK smesi "Zharilek" i sostavliaiushchikh ee komponentov.

"Zharilek" preparation MAC in the water reservoirs was approved at the level of 0.01 mg/l. The preparation is referred to the 3rd class of hazard by the complex toxicological study.

[The action on brain functions in white rats of the immunostimulant Freund's complete adjuvant]. / Deistvie na nekotorye funktsii mozga belykh krys immunostimuliatora--polnogo ad''iuvanta Freinda.

The effect of immunostimulator--Freund's adjuvant complete on the nociception and learning of white rats using food-obtaining and avoidance of electric shock techniques has been studied. It has been shown that the adjuvant in doses for active immunization causes itself the expressed changes in animal behaviour. The adjuvant's injections significantly increases the learning ability of animals both with negative and positive reinforcement as compared with control one. The changes in pain severity is marked only for dose 0.2 ml. The nonspecific action of adjuvant should be taken into account in researches which use the active immunisation method.

[The convulsive activity of white rats after immunization with a conjugate of sidnofen and serum albumin]. / Sudorozhnaia aktivnost' belykh krys posle immunizatsii kon''iugatom sidnofena s serumal'buminom.

The influence of white rats immunization by a covalent conjugate of serum albumin with sydnophen on the seizure activity in the single and repeated injections of pentylenetetrazole was investigated. The immunization lowered the seizure activity in single injections of threshold doses, (60 mg/kg) of pentylenetetrazole. The repeated daily injections of the drug in subthreshold doses (30 mg/kg) inhibited the process of "kindling" effects formation.